What has given commanders the ability to leverage many joint capabilities at the lowest levels?

The ability of commanders to leverage many joint capabilities at lower levels is primarily attributed to advances in information technology. This technology facilitates improved communication, data sharing, and coordination among different branches of the military. With robust and reliable information systems, commanders can access real-time data, track assets, and communicate effectively across diverse units, enabling them to make informed decisions more quickly and efficiently.

Additionally, advances in technology such as secure networks, satellite communications, and unmanned systems have empowered lower-level commanders to utilize joint force capabilities, which were previously limited to higher command echelons. This decentralization of information and capability allows for greater flexibility and responsiveness in operations, enhancing overall mission effectiveness.

While increased budget allocations, a centralized command structure, and enhanced training programs may have their own merits, they do not directly enable the operational execution and interoperability of joint capabilities in the way that information technology does. Therefore, the role of technology in enhancing joint capability utilization at lower command levels is why this answer stands out.